Residential heating cooling and energy management system

ABSTRACT

A residential HVAC system includes a heat pump having a compressor arranged to heat a domestic hot water vessel and to heat or cool a storage vessel which is connected to a heat exchanger within the residence. Temperature sensors are provided at critical locations throughout the system and current and voltage sensors are coupled to the power lines feeding the residence. A microprocessor controls the operation of the compressor and other components of the heat pump system in response to measured temperatures, in response to the level of energy supplied to the residence and in response to the existence of on- or off-peak time intervals to operate the compressor and/or resistive heating elements to condition the hot water and storage vessels for subsequent use and to control an interior fan to condition the space. Operation of the compressor is controlled during on-peak intervals as a function of the resident&#39;s life style as reflected in power usage and requested comfort level.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED CASES

This a division of U.S. Ser. No. 889,512, filed July 25, 1986, now U.S.Pat. No. 4,685,307, which was a division of U.S. Ser. No. 635,140, filedJuly 27, 1984, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,645,908, issued Feb. 24, 1987.

This invention relates to the field of residential heating, ventilatingand air conditioning (HVAC) and, more specifically, to a home HVACsystem which is integrated with energy use management for the home.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It is being recognized that the increasing cost of energy is not atemporary or cyclical phenomenon but a continuing one. While there maybe fluctuations from time to time, it is a fact that non-renewableenergy sources are being depleted at a rapid rate. As the cheaper energysources disappear, more expensive sources will take their place,continuing the cost increases to the consumer and also to the energysuppliers, i.e., the utilities. It is therefore no longer logical to usethe kinds of rate structures which have been customary in which a userwas "rewarded" for volume use of energy. In the case of electricalenergy, for example, if there are large fluctuations of energy use thesupplying utility must either build enough generating capacity to supplythe peak kilowatt energy (KWE) demands or must buy energy from anotherutility. Because those demand peaks often occur at the same time innearby utility networks it is not always possible to buy it and, even ifit is available, it is always more costly.

As the average level of energy usage increases, the peaks generallyincrease more, thus placing the utilities in the position of having tomake large capital investments for generating plants. Since it is highlydesirable to avoid this, it follows that steps need be taken to even outthe peaks and valleys of demand, particularly to decrease energy usageduring peak intervals. It is, of course, also quite important tomaximize the efficiency of each HVAC system in the network.

Residential electrical energy usage is a major contributor to the peakdemand in many areas. Although one residence considered alone may nothave a meaningful impact on the KWE demand curves, it is wellestablished that residential users follow certain patterns which arestatistically very significant and that those patterns in any given areahave a major effect on KWE demand in that area. In an effort to make useof this knowledge, utilities in many regions have instituted a ratestructure which is based on the maximum energy usage by a residenceduring sample intervals spaced through the peak demand times. A commontechnique is to monitor the usage for one-half hour intervals betweeneach hour and half hour (e.g., 10:00 and 10:30) during the peak usagetime of, e.g., 9 a.m. and 9 p.m. While this is a step in the rightdirection, it is difficult for most homeowners to make effective use ofsuch a rate structure because there is no practical way for them to knowwhen power is being used b) their residences or in what amounts.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide aresidential HVAC system which is highly efficient.

A further object is to provide a residential heat pump HVAC system whichincludes a control system for monitoring total electrical energy beingused by the residence and for controlling the operation of the heatingand cooling equipment so that maximum KVA usage during peak demand timescan be minimized.

Another object is to provide a computer control for an HVAC heat pumpsystem having software for controlling the heating and cooling functionsto satisfy comfort and energy use criteria.

In order that the manner in which the foregoing and other objects areattained in accordance with the invention can be understood in detail, aparticularly advantageous embodiment thereof will be described withreference to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of thisspecification, and wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram, partly in block form, of a system inaccordance with the present invention;

FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram of a system usable with the apparatus ofFIG. 1 showing the flow of heat transfer fluid;

FIG. 2 is a front elevation of the control panel of a homeowner'sconsole (HOC) usable in the system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the control equipment usable with thesystem of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a timing diagram useful in explaining offset functions of thesystem;

FIG. 5 is an electrical schematic diagram of the power monitoringcircuits in a system in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating the overall organization ofsoftware usable in a system in accordance with the present invention;and

FIGS. 7-36 are diagrams illustrating the functions and criteria in thesoftware modules for controlling a system in accordance with the presentinvention.

Briefly described, the invention includes a method for controlling aspace conditioning system to modify the temperature of a space within astructure where the structure is supplied with electrical energy duringintervals of on-peak and off-peak electrical usage and wherein thesystem includes a thermal storage mass, means for selectivelytransferring heat between the storage mass and the ambient atmosphere,means for selectively transferring heat between the storage mass and thespace, and means for monitoring the electrical energy being supplied tothe structure. The method includes the steps of establishing a set pointtemperature at which the space is to be maintained, establishing atemperature range within which the storage mass is to be maintained topermit conditioning of the space using the storage mass, conditioningthe storage mass during periods of off-peak usage by transferring heatbetween the storage mass and the ambient atmosphere, investigating thetemperature of the space, and conditioning the space by transferringheat between the storage mass and the space when the temperature of thespace differs from the set point by a selected amount without regard towhether the space conditioning time is during an on-peak or off-peakinterval.

In another aspect, the invention includes a system for temperatureconditioning the interior of a residence comprising the combination offirst and second refrigerant-to-fluid heat exchangers located within theresidence and having separate refrigerant and fluid paths therein inheat exchange relationship with each other, and a refrigerant circuitincluding a refrigerant-to-air heat exchanger located outside of theresidence and having a refrigerant path in heat exchange relationshipwith ambient air, a refrigerant compressor and an expansion devicewithin the residence. The refrigerant paths of the refrigerant-to-airheat exchanger, the expansion device and the refrigerant paths of thefirst and second refrigerant-to-fluid heat exchangers are connected inoperative relationship to transfer heat between ambient air and thefluids in the refrigerant-to-fluid heat exchangers. The system furtherincludes a first fluid circuit including a first fluid-to-air heatexchanger and a first fluid storage tank, the fluid path of the firstrefrigerant-to-fluid heat exchanger, the first storage tank and thefluid path of the fluid-to-air heat exchanger being connected in aclosed loop series path. A second fluid circuit includes a second fluidstorage tank connected to the fluid path of the secondrefrigerant-to-fluid heat exchanger in series relationship whereby thecompressor can be operated to heat the fluid in the second tank andcondition the temperature of the fluid in the first tank which can thenbe used to condition the interior of the residence.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The system is shown in FIG. 1 with the reversing valve in position forcooling of an interior space and will first be described in this mode.The system, which can be described as an air-to-water-to-air system,includes an outdoor air coil indicated generally at 10 having a fan 11for drawing outdoor air through and across the coil. Coil 10 is aconventional refrigerant-to-air heat exchanger of a type manufactured byseveral companies in the HVAC field. In the present system, it ispositioned physically and thermodynamically in the usual positionoccupied by this component.

The structure to be heated and cooled by the system is indicated by adot-dash line 12 which can be regarded as schematically indicating theboundaries of a residence. One end of coil 10 is connected to a conduit13 which extends into the structure and into a module which will bereferred to as the generator module 14, all components within thismodule being physically located within a single housing in the presentsystem, somewhat contrary to prior practice. Conduit 13 is connected toa thermostatic expansion valve 16 which is also a conventional device ofa type manufactured by several companies in the HVAC field. In seriessequence following the expansion valve are a filter-dryer unit 17, areceiver 18 and one end of the refrigerant side of arefrigerant-to-water heat exchanger HX-1. The other end of therefrigerant portion of exchanger HX-1 is connected through a conduit 19to a 2-position, 4-way reversing valve indicated generally at 20, valve20 being of a conventional type available from several companies in thefield. Valve 20 is preferably a solenoid actuated valve, the control forwhich will be discussed subsequently.

Valve 20 is shown in the position occupied in the cooling mode in whichconduit 19 is connected through the valve to a conduit 21 which leads toan accumulator 22, and from the other side of the accumulator to thesuction side of a conventional compressor 24. It will be observed thatcompressor 24 is in a position in the refrigerant system which can beregarded as normal from a thermodynamic standpoint. However, itsphysical location is unusual in that the compressor is disposed withinthe container 14 in the conditioned space 12 itself. As is customary inthis field, the compressor is provided with a crankcase heater 26. Thepressure side of compressor 24 is connected through a conduit 27 to therefrigerant side of a refrigerant-to-water heat exchanger HX-2, theother side of which is connected through a conduit 29 to the reversingvalve. Again, in the cooling mode, conduit 29 is coupled to a conduit 30which leads to the other side of the outdoor air coil.

As will be readily recognized from the schematic illustration of valve20, in the heating mode conduit 29 is connected to conduit 19 andconduit 21 is connected to conduit 30.

The water circuit connected to the water side of exchanger HX-1 includesa series interconnection of a pump P1, an indoor coil indicatedgenerally at 32 and a heating/ cooling water storage container S1, thesecomponents being interconnected by suitable piping. Indoor coil 32 isprovided with a fan or blower 34 by which return air is drawn throughand caused to pass over the coils of exchanger 32 for suitablewater-to-air heat exchange.

The water side of exchanger HX-2 includes a pump P2 which is connectedto draw water through the water side of exchanger HX-2 and deliver waterto the lowest portion of a domestic hot water storage container S2. Theother side of the water coil of exchanger HX-2 is connected to a groundwater supply and to a conduit 36 which extends to the bottom ofcontainer S2. At the upper end of container S2 is a hot water outlet 37which is connected through a tempering valve 38 to the hot water supplyconduit 39. It will be observed that conduit 36 is also connected to thetempering valve so that the valve can provide an appropriate mixture ofhot and ground water for providing a hot water output of a desiredtemperature.

Containers S1 and S2 are also supplied with resistive heating elements40 and 42, schematically illustrated in FIG. 1, so that in appropriatecircumstances additional energy can be supplied to the system to heatthe water in either or both of the containers. Element 40 is preferablytwo elements in parallel as illustrated.

It will be observed that exchanger HX-2 is in a position at the outputor pressure side of compressor 24 so that it can always be supplied withrefrigerant at an elevated temperature, providing the capacity forheating the water in container S2 in either the heating or cooling mode,or, if desired, when the system is not being used for either heating orcooling. Each of containers S1 and S2 is preferably a 120 gallondomestic hot water tank, container S1 being supplied with two 4.5 kWheating elements and container S2 being supplied with one 4.5 kWelement.

In the present system, as distinguished from prior systems, because ofthe positioning of the components in relationship to each other andbecause of the control functions hereinafter described, the systempermits the size of exchanger HX-2 to be increased so as to beequivalent with exchanger HX-1. This will allow the refrigerant to fullycondense in HX-2 without causing extraordinary efficiency losses. Thisfeature gives the system the ability to produce domestic hot water incontainer S2 at a minimum temperature of between about 120° and about130° F. year-round, using the outdoor ambient air or the water stored incontainer S1 as the source of evaporator energy. It is thereforepossible to supply hot water even when the space within structure 12 isnot calling for either heating or cooling, and the hot water can besupplied by the system with an instantaneous operating efficiencygreater than one.

As previously suggested, container S1 acts as a reservoir of cold waterin the cooling mode and a reservoir of hot water in the heating mode.The water in this container can be cooled only by the heat pump systembut it can be heated by either the heat pump or by the conventionalresistive heating methods. As will be explained, the resistive elementswill be used at full strength by the system, when required, duringoff-peak demand times and will be used during "on-peak" times, at alesser rate, only when required to maintain a minimum space condition.

On the other hand, container S2 and its associated circuit is theportion of the system which contains potable domestic water which can beheated by either the heat pump or the resistive element but cannot bemechanically cooled by any means.

It will also be observed that fan coil 32 and its associated fan 34 isillustrated as being the only exchanger delivering heat to or extractingheat from the controlled space. However, in the system described,additional fan coils can be connected in parallel relationship with coil32, each having its own fan. This is a particular advantage of thepresent system because zoning of a single-family dwelling with pluralfan coils in prior systems has previously required a plurality ofrefrigeration circuits, one for each zone.

The system also includes a plurality of sensors which supply variousanalog inputs to the control system, these sensors and their approximatelocations being indicated by circled capital letters adjacent variouspositions in the schematic diagram of FIG. 1

Sensor A provides a signal representative of the temperature of theliquid refrigerant close to the water input end of heat exchanger HX-1,this temperature being identified by the mnemonic THX1. This temperatureis indicative of the leaving liquid temperature in the heating mode andthe evaporating temperature in the cooling mode.

Sensor B provides a analog input representative of the outdoor liquidtemperature (TLIQ) by measuring the temperature of the liquidrefrigerant on the liquid manifold of the outdoor coil. This isrepresentative of the evaporating temperature in the heating mode andthe leaving liquid temperature in the cooling mode.

Sensor C represents the compressor discharge temperature (TDIS) andmeasures the temperature of the high pressure refrigerant gas as itdischarges from the compressor during those times when the compressor isin operation.

Sensor D provides a measure of the storage water temperature (TSTO) bymeasuring the temperature of the water entering heat exchanger HX-1.This is representative of the temperature of the storage water at thetop of tank S1.

Sensor F is a domestic hot water temperature signal (TDHW), this sensormeasuring the temperature of the water entering the water side of HX-2.

Sensor G measures the temperature of the ambient air (TAMB) by sensingthat temperature at the inlet side of exchanger 10.

Sensor H provides a measure of the temperature of the controlled spaceby measuring the return air temperature (TRETA), this temperature beingindicative of the average air temperature in the space during fanoperation and, at that time, can be used for thermostat functionpurposes. Because of the fact that sensor H is positioned at the inletto exchanger 34, the temperature measured by sensor H can be regarded asa valid, usable temperature only when fan 34 is running and has beenrunning for a period of time. At other tires, the temperature at sensorH could vary over a wide range and will be disregarded. An importantadvantage is obtained by positioning sensor H at this location becausereturn air is supplied to the sensor from various portions of thestructure 12 and is mixed, thus exposing sensor H to a temperature whichis much more representative of the whole structure than can be obtainedwith one thermostat, no matter how carefully one determines the locationof that thermostat. An additional benefit is that the control unit forthe present system can be located in any region of the house asdetermined by considerations of esthetics, convenience or other factorsand is no longer limited to locations suitable for the temperaturesensing element.

In addition to those illustrated in FIG. 1, the system of the presentinvention employs inputs from current and voltage sensors which arecoupled to the power supply to the space 12. It should be understoodthat the currents and voltages being measured in this connection are notonly the voltages and currents of the air conditioning system itself,but rather are the total current and voltage quantities being suppliedto the entire residence. By measuring these quantities and employingthem appropriately in conjunction with operation of the AC system, themost efficient energy management conditions can be arrived at.

Other inputs to the system will be described hereinafter.

A typical arrangement for the flow of fluid in a system in accordancewith the invention is illustrated in FIG. 1A wherein various portions ofthe building to be conditioned are shown as spaces 81A, 81B and 81C. Ateach of these spaces is some means for exchanging heat betweenfluid-carrying conduits and the space to modify the temperature withinthe space, this means being illustrated in FIG. 1A as heat exchangers32A, 32B and 32C although, in a hot-air system these can be simple airdiffusers.

A temperature modifying means 14 includes a fluid return chamber 15. Aplurality of fluid conduits 83A, 83B and 83C conduct heated or cooledfluid from the temperature modifying means to each of the heat exchangemeans in spaces 81A-C and a further plurality of fluid conduits 85A, 85Band 85C conduct fluid from each of the spaces to the fluid returnchamber 15 in which the fluids are mixed. A temperature sensor H islocated in the fluid return chamber, as illustrated in FIG. 1, upstreamof the temperature modifying means so that it is capable of measuringthe temperature of the mixed, return fluid, as discussed above. Thistemperature sensor is connected to the system control means 45 whichcontrols the operation of the temperature modifying means.

As indicated above, the temperature measured by sensor H may or may notbe a meaningful temperature. It is meaningful, in the sense of providinga significant measurement of return air temperature, only after thefluid in the conduits has been circulating for some interval of time,the fluid circulation being accomplished by a pump, for example, or fan34 as illustrated in FIG. 1. Thus, the control means recognizes thetemperature of the return air as being meaningful only after the heatexchange fluid has been circulated.

The activity of the compressor, pumps and fans is controlled by acontroller which can be incorporated physically in a product controller45, which operates in conjunction with a homeowner's console (HOC) 44which is shown as being within residence 12. Controller 45 is housed inmodule 14 and is connected by suitable wiring to the system sensorsmentioned above and to the components to be actuated but that wiring hasbeen omitted from FIG. 1 for simplicity.

Console 44 can take various forms but advantageously includes certaincontrols which are to be adjustable by the homeowner to select modes,times and temperatures which are to be maintained in the residence anddisplays to inform him or her of conditions in the system. Theseconstitute the mode of communication between the system controller andthe residence occupant.

Before entering into a detailed discussion of the controller and itsprogramming, some basic concepts of system operation will be discussed.The first concept is that of the "flywheel" effect which can be achievedwith a storage tank system arranged as shown in FIG. 1. It will beobserved that both the domestic hot water (DHW) storage tank S2 andstorage tank S1 are on the "load" side of the compressor which is anunusual arrangement. Normally, only a heat exchanger such as HX-1 orexchanger 32 (depending on the type of system) would be on the load sideof the compressor and some storage means, if it exists, would be on thesource/sink side. Having the storage S1 on the load side along with S2permits the compressor to heat the water in tank S2 whether the systemmode is heating or cooling and to either heat or cool the water in tankS1, as required.

A second concept involves the flywheel effect but also depends upon themonitoring of the power supplied to the residence. As mentioned above,there are certain hours of the day which are peak hours of demand forutilities supplying electrical energy and each utility must buildgenerating capacity and plan alternative energy sources based on thatpeak. At the present time, many utilities charge rates which are higherduring on-peak hours than during off-peak hours and it is quite clearthat such rate structures will be in effect in all metropolitan areas inthe near future. The rate structures are arranged so that the powerconsumed by each dwelling is repeatedly measured over set intervals oftime, e.g., over a 0.5 hour period, and the maximum KWH measurement isused as a basis for establishing the rate to be charged for thatdwelling, i.e., both usage and demand can be involved.

It is necessary, of course, for the occupants of a dwelling to usevarious electrical appliances in the dwelling (other than theheating/cooling system) at certain hours during the on-peak periods tocook, read, refrigerate, clean and perform other tasks. It would beeconomically very desirable if the heating/cooling load could be imposedonly at times when power usage attributable to other appliances was at aminimum, or during off-peak hours, or both. This would not only reducethe cost of electricity for the homeowner but would be beneficial to theutility because of the decreased need to build additional generatingcapacity.

Normally such an arrangement is not possible without severely alteringthe homeowner's lifestyle. However, with the present system it ispossible to monitor energy usage of the entire dwelling operate theheating/cooling system and in particular the compressor and/or resistiveheaters) at times when the remainder of the house load is lowest. Thisis also possible because the deposit of or extraction of energy to orfrom tanks S1 and S2 can be performed essentially independently of theinstantaneous space-conditioning demands of the dwelling and of theoperation of fan 34. Thus, even when resistive elements 40, 42 must beused because of extremely cold conditions, those elements can beoperated at the most advantageous times from an energy use distributionpoint of view. The console 44 is also provided with an "ON PEAK"indicator light and an audible signal which permits the occupant tocontribute to his savings by avoiding the use of high current applianceswhen possible. While the above is a somewhat simplified treatment of theissues, it is believed that the basis for them and the systemimplementation will be more clear from the A preferred embodiment ofconsole 44 is shown in FIG. 2 and includes the following controls anddisplays:

(a) A mode switch 48 movable to select and indicate a heating mode, acooling mode and off;

(b) A switch 40 to select and indicate "fan only" operation during the"off" mode;

(c) Switches 50 and 51 to select and indicate that night and day offsets(i.e., setups or setbacks) are to be effective i.e., on or off;

(d) A dial 53 connected to a potentiometer which allows the homeowner toselect a desired temperature to which the residence interior will beheated or cooled;

(e) A dial 55 connected to a potentiometer which allows thehomeowner/occupant to select an offset, i.e., a number of degrees bywhich the desired control temperature will be changed during selectedintervals in either the heating or cooling mode;

(f) Dials 57 and 58 (also connected to potentiometers) to select anddisplay the times at which the system will go into offset (i.e., setupor setback) at night and during the day;

(g) Dials 60 and 61 with potentiometers to select the times at which thesystem offsets will end;

(h) A "confirm" light 63 to inform the user that new operatingconditions have been accepted by the system;

(i) Lights 64-69 respectively to indicate that the system is operating,that it needs service, that it is operating in a period of on-peak ratesfor electrical energy, to give an appliance alert, to indicate that thesystem is in an offset mode, and to give a comfort alert which will befurther described;

(j) A daylight/standard time switch 70;

(k) A peak savings switch 72 allowing selection of either a mosteconomical method of operation (HI) or a maximum comfort mode (LO);

(l) An audio on/off switch 73;

(m) An audio volume control 74:

(n) A "change" switch 76 which can be used to alter the offsetcondition; and

(o) A hot water savings selector dial 78.

It will be understood that various ones of these controls can becombined or arranged differently but that the basic functions should beretained.

FIG. 3 illustrates in a very simplified block form the data flowrelationships between components. The homeowner's console 44, whichincludes not only the display panel discussed in connection with FIG. 2but also a degree of data processing capability, is interconnected by abidirectional serial link 80 with the product controller 45 which ispreferably within, but could also be outside of, generator 14. Theproduct controller supplies output signals to activate the HVACcomponents which, in FIG. 3, are grouped together as a block 82. Inputsto the product controller 45 include those received from homeowner'sconsole 44 on link 80 and also the inputs from eleven sensors which aregrouped together as a block 84. For purposes of servicing and forperformance of some calibration functions, a monitor unit 86 can also becoupled to the controller. However, the monitor does not constitute apart of the basic system and will not be described in further detailherein.

The homeowner's console contains software to review the positions ofvarious switches and dials and to communicate this information to theproduct controller on link 80, and also includes the necessary softwareto receive messages from the product controller and to prepare messagesfor transmission to the product controller. The product controllersoftware, as will be further described, operates on the basis of epochswhich are approximately 4 seconds long and during which various stepsare accomplished. During each epoch, a panel update message isconstructed by the product controller (PCON) software and transmitted toHOC where the message is used to update the state of the indicatorlights and the audio alarm. In response to receipt of a message fromPCON, HOC prepares a message and returns it to PCON, includinginformation about any new dial or switch settings which have been made.That message is then used by PCON in the epoch after the one in which itis received. The message from HOC to PCON includes the status of sevenof the switches (all except audio switch 73) and employs eight bits forthis purpose. Mode switch 48 and fan switch 49 together use three bitsbecause the mode switch is a three-position switch and the fan switch isdedicated through the "OFF" position thereof. Each of the other switchesuses one bit.

The HOC software code is stored in read-only memory and the same programis repetitively recycled. The software performs the functions of readingthe dials and switches set by the owner and writing these values to PCONin the message previously discussed. The software also providesimmediate feedback to the homeowner when a dial or switch position ischanged by illuminating confirm light 63. Feedback is also supplied whenthe change switch 76 is depressed by flashing the offset light 68 for apredetermined interval. The software monitors for safety conditions andaccepts LED and audio control values from PCON. On the basis of valuesreceived from PCON, the various lights 64-69 are controlled and thesoftware also is capable of cooperating with PCON in performing certaincalibration procedures, although the software performs its functionswhether or not calibration procedures are in process. From this it willbe recognized that the HOC software acts as an interface with thehomeowner and provides information to PCON and is essentially a bufferbetween PCON and the homeowner.

Returning to the epoch concept, the PCON includes two clocks, one ofwhich is called an epoch relative (ER) clock which receives counts atthe rate of 12 per second from a system clock oscillator and whichprovides the fundamental counting required to keep the various eventscoordinated. The epoch relative clock produces a square wave which islow for 1/60 second and is high for 4/60 second. The falling edge ofeach square wave is counted and 48 such square waves are used to defineone epoch which thus lasts 4 seconds. The system also includes a "startrelative" (SR) clock which is updated at the beginning of each epoch butalways has a count which is a multiple of four. The start relative clockis never reset.

The first twelve counts of the epoch relative clock are used to definean interval during which information is received from HOC and alsoduring which a major portion of the information processing isaccomplished by the product application software (PAS). Communicationwithin the system follows PAS processing. The remaining interval is alsoused for communication within the system and for other functions.

It is necessary to introduce the offset concept in order to discuss thefunction of the change button on HOC 44. A time scale is shown in FIG. 4with 12 Midnight, 12 Noon and 12 Midnight of a day being illustrated.Two offset intervals are illustrated above the time line, offset 1running from early morning until just after noon, and offset 2 extendingfrom late afternoon until just before midnight. There is no reason whythese intervals cannot be either longer or shorter and no reason whythey cannot overlap. However, for purposes of illustration, the depictedarrangement is suitable. These intervals are established by setting thebeginning and ending times of the period 1 offset and period 2 offsetdials 57, 58, 60 and 61, and by then placing switches 50 and 51 in theiron positions. During those periods, an offset will be in effect, theamount of the offset being determined by the setting of dial 55 whichindicates a number of degrees higher or lower in either the cooling orheating mode, respectively, than the basic control temperature selectedby the position of dial 53. When the system is operating in one of theoffset periods, offset light 68 is illuminated.

If, for any reason, the homeowner decides that the offset should nolonger be in operation or if an offset is not in operation and thehomeowner decides that it should be, the change button is depressed. Thesystem follows the protocol of recognizing only the beginning of anoffset which is encountered first. If it is assumed that the changebutton is depressed at time A in FIG. 4, the effect is to move theleading edge of offset 1 to position A, putting the system into offsetand leaving it in offset until the established end of offset 1. At thatpoint, the system will go out of offset and will remain out of offsetuntil the beginning of offset interval 2. In the next 24-hour period,however, time A will not be remembered; offset 1 will begin at the timeestablished by the setting of dial 57.

If the change button is depressed at time B, the system will go out ofoffset condition 1 and will remain out of offset until the beginning ofoffset interval 2. In either case, when the change button is depressed,the offset light flashes for a selected number of seconds to indicatethat the change has been made.

The HOC software, as mentioned before, also monitors for safetyconditions. As previously indicated, PCON is programmed to transmit amessage to HOC every epoch. If no message is received from PCON in apredetermined interval of, for example, 12 seconds, operating light 64is extinguished and service light 65 is illuminated, indicating to thehomeowner that something is not working properly and the system needsattention. All other lights are extinguished.

As will be recognized from the presence of the audio switch and volumecontrols, an audio signal is produced by the homeowner console inresponse to a message from PCON that design limits are being exceeded,giving the homeowner the opportunity to modify the manner of operationof the system to avoid unnecessary expenditures. These functions, alongwith the savings functions, will be described in greater detail inconnection with PCON software.

A description of the software organization and implementation isprovided in an outline form, recognizing that the specific program stepsused to implement the details can be derived from this outline in anysuitable language familiar to an experienced programmer. The programmingtechnique chosen for the controller is modular and involves a softwareinterrupt approach. Each module of the program can be said to be a partof either a set of background functions or a set of foregroundfunctions. The background function modules perform various supportfunctions and the foreground modules actually generate signals whichaccomplish the operation of the HVAC system components.

The system operating functions which are performed by those modules inthe foregoing group are:

(a) Determine the system mode (heating, cooling, fan only or off);

(b) Determine the demand control values;

(c) Heat domestic water (potable supply) using resistive heating (onlyduring off-peak times);

(d) Condition the space using the hot or cold storage tank;

(e) Coordinate operation of the heat pump; and

(f) Condition the storage tank using resistive heating.

The system support functions, which are performed using those softwaremodules in the background group, include:

(g) Control operation to assure high instantaneous operating efficiency;

(h) Minimize defrost cycles;

(i) Heat domestic water (potable supply tank) with the heat pump;

(j) Optimize offset energy savings and control;

(k) Provide the system user with discretionary control of the comfortlevel in the space;

(l) Allow the system user discretionary control of the domestic hotwater temperature and optimize the contribution of the heat pump to heatthat supply tank;

(m) Provide communication capability and flexibility between the userand the control system to accommodate a change in the user (new tenantor homeowner) or the user's lifestyle;

(n) Calibrate the temperature, amperage and voltage sensors; and

(o) Provide "soft" and "hard" safety alarms.

It should be noted that there is not a one-to-one correspondence betweenthe above functions and the software modules. In fact, some of thefunctions require several modules for their accomplishment.

The software organization can also be viewed in terms of variousfunctional requirements imposed on the system and the individual programmodules are best understood in this organizational form. Thesefunctional requirements are grouped in 9 function classes as follows:

Class 0--Applications software to interface with the operating systemand the outside world;

Class 1--Convert input data to meaningful information;

Class 2a--Filter and interpret input information;

Class 2b--Calibrate sensors;

Class 3a--Determine system performance requirements;

Class 3b--Operate HVAC hardware subsystems;

Class 4--Generate safety and inhibit flags;

Class 5--Generate requests for specific devices; and

Class 6--Control HVAC hardware, and compute and check KVA draws of eachcomponent.

The software modules in these classes are as follows. It should beremembered that these operations are not being performed sequentially.Rather, they are normally concurrent and are quire independent of eachother, for the most part.

Check Initialization

In this module the basic time functions for the software operation areestablished and reviewed. As previously indicated, the software uses aninterval called an epoch which has segments during which certain eventscan or will be caused to happen. Operation is commenced with a startepoch which is 4 seconds in duration and an initialization periodcontaining about 134 epochs. These differ from all other epochs infollowing one branch of a conditional transfer statement when theequipment is first energized whereas, in subsequent epochs, the otherbranch is followed. During that first epoch, initial conditions forvarious values are established and initial readings are made.Thereafter, normal epoch length is 4 seconds, as described above, ofwhich approximately 1 second is used for processing various parts of thesoftware and a word is formed (Class 5, above) which identifies desiredactions. In the following class, the word is acted upon in a specificorder as will be described in connection with the "SEQUENCER" module.The remaining 3 seconds are used for communication. In this context,"communication" includes transferring values to and from HOC 44 andactivating or de-activating components of the system. During the firstsecond of each initialization epoch, the system cycles through themodules of the software, looking for flags which indicate requests forspecific action.

Normalize A to D Converted Counts

In this system, normalized values are used rather than absolute values.All analog sensor measurements are converted into digital form using avoltage-to-frequency converter and the raw counts resulting from thatconversion are received during a 4/60 second read interval. Those countsare then normalized or scaled on the basis of, for example, zero to 4000counts being equal to zero to 5 volts. The conversion process provides ahigh degree of noise immunity for the system, a serious concern in aresidence which is an electrically very noisy environment.

Convert Power Sensor Values

An important part of the present system is the monitoring of the voltageand current, i.e., the power, delivered to the residence or other spacein which the system is installed. The power monitoring is used, asmentioned above, to decide when it is economically most efficient toenergize components of the HVAC system and to operate those componentsat the most efficient times, taking comfort criteria into consideration.The power monitoring is also used to check to see when a component ofthe system is energized after a "start" command has been issued, and toevaluate proper operation by, for example, checking the current drawn bya fan motor after energization. In addition, the appliances light 67 onHOC 44 is energized to inform the homeowner that the space is operatingover a preselected level of KWE usage and that the cost of energy usedcan be reduced by turning off, or not using, an appliance at that time,e.g., by delaying operation of a dishwasher.

To monitor the current, a toroidal current transformer is coupled toeach leg of the power lines feeding the residence as schematically shownin FIG. 5. Thus, line L₁ has a current transformer 88 coupled to it anda similar transformer 89 is coupled to line L₂. Suitable transformersfor this purpose are type JAl-0 manufactured by General ElectricCompany, or a similar device, with a current ratio of about 200:5. Theoutput of transformers 88 and 89 are connected to current-to-voltageconverters 90 and 91, respectively. These converters are identical witheach other, each converter including an input resistive network R_(N) toprovide an input impedance in accordance with the manufacturer'sspecifications to maintain the output current of the transformer withindesign characteristics. The voltage across R_(N) is connected to theinput of an amplifier 92 which has a gain of about 12.5, the output ofthe amplifier being connected through a current limiting series resistor94 to a rectifier 96. The rectified voltage is stored in a capacitor 98which is connected between the diode output and ground, the capacitoralso having a bleed resistor 99 connected in parallel with it.

The voltage outputs of circuits 90 and 91 are connected through amultiplexing circuit (MUX) 100 to the input of an analog-to-digitalconverter 101, this converter being a voltage-to-frequency converterwhich provides an output which is a number of pulses proportional to theamplitude of the measured voltage. The values of the capacitor and bleedresistor circuits 98, 99 are chosen so that the voltage value is heldlong enough to be read and converted by MUX and ADC 100, 101 but so thatthe value on capacitor 98 will change if the current input dropssuddenly. The response is selected to be such that a one volt stepdecrease at the output of amplifier 52 will result in an equivalentvoltage on capacitor 98 within 0.5% in 2 seconds.

FIG. 5 also schematically illustrates the voltage sensing techniquewhich is somewhat similar in nature. Stepdown transformers indicatedgenerally at 103 and 104 couple voltages proportional to line voltagesV₁ and V₂ to voltage dividers which include resistors 106, 107, 108 and109. Each pair of resistors 106, 107 and 108, 109 is selected in valueto be in the order of 1 megohm or more. The voltage appearing at thejunction between resistors 106 and 107 is connected to a preparationcircuit 110 and the voltage appearing at the junction between resistors108 and 109 is delivered to a preparation circuit 111. Circuits 110 and111 are also identical and include a current limiting resistor 113, arectifying diode 114 and a parallel circuit including a capacitor 116and a bleed resistor 117. Again, each capacitor-resistor circuit storesa voltage which is coupled through MUX 100 to ADC 101 for conversion.Thus, ADC 101 receives a voltage E₁ proportional to V₁, and, in anothertime slot, a voltage E₂ from circuit 111, proportional to voltage V₂.

In normal operation, the voltages, as measured to ground, on legs L₁ andL₂ should be substantially equal and the PCON software evaluates this todetermine whether the readings sequentially received from converter 101are likely to be valid values. If so, these values can be calibrated byestablishing a correction factor in a look-up table so that it is notnecessary to actually physically adjust any values in the circuit.

Calibration of the voltage readings E₁ and E₂ is accomplished byestablishing the relationship that when V₁ =138 volts RMS, E₁ =5 volts,and when V₁ =0, E₁ =0. The value of E₁ at any V₁ can then be found byusing the expression ##EQU1## in which M is a correction factor close toone. The software performs this manipulation during calibration andcompares the result with an operator-measured value. If there is adifference, a new M is prepared and stored for subsequent use.

Power Sensor Calibration ? The current sensors are calibrated using theknown resistance values of the domestic hot water and storage resistiveheating elements 42 and 40. The calibration is done during theinitialization period and can also be done at a time when it is unlikelythat other appliances in the home will be used, e.g., 0300 on Sundaymorning. The procedure is to turn off all of the HVAC equipment,energize the DHW element 52 and record the current in each leg,identifying that measured current as an "off" value. The resistiveelement 40 in the storage vessel S1 is then turned on and thedifferential amperage in each leg is recorded along with the absolute"on" amperage. The resistive element is turned off again and thedifference between the currents in the two legs is again recorded alongwith the new "off" amperage. If the "on-to-off" and "off-to-on"differentials in each leg fall within 0.2 amperes of each other, then itis assumed that the only current read during this procedure was thatcaused by the action of turning the heating elements 40 on or off andthe calibration process can proceed. If there is a greater differential,the previous steps are repeated a few times until readings with thesmall differential are obtained. If they are not obtained, thecalibration procedure is not pursued any further.

If the small differential is obtained, there is a high probability thatthe only current draw recorded in the switching cycle was that caused bythe energization of the heating elements 40. The real amperes that theheating element should have drawn can then be calculated, knowing thevoltage drop across the element and the known resistance. The voltage isobtained by adding the L₁ and L₂ voltages together and the "realamperes" is calculated by dividing this value by the known resistancewhich, for two 4.5 kilowatt element in parallel, is about 6.4 ohms. Twoadjustment factors can then be created by dividing the "real amps" bythe average "on-to-off" and "off-to-on" differentials for each leg.These factors will be used by routines that convert the power sensorvalues in each subsequent epoch.

System Power Calibration

The total system wattage can be determined by adding together thewattages calculated for each leg. Note that the final wattage isactually a VA value because it assumes that all loads are resistive innature. The algorithms for performing this calculation are as follows:

L1₋₋ WATTAGE=L1₋₋ VOLTAGE*L1₋₋ AMPERAGE

L2₋₋ WATTAGE=L2₁₃ VOLTAGE*L2₋₋ AMPERAGE

SYS₋₋ KVA₋₋ INST=(L1₋₋ WATTAGE+L2₋₋ WATTAGE)

wherein SYS₋₋ KVA₋₋ INST is the instantaneous system voltamperes, afigure which for most residences is sufficiently close to KWE as to beusable as a wattage figure.

Software Organization

The overall organization of the software for the system is shown in FIG.6 in which blocks 123 and 124 consist of a software bootstrap activeduring the first epoch during which initial values are established forvariables and the input-output configuration is established. Block 125involves connection to interrupt sequences including an interruptprocessing interface (CIPIF) 126, a clock interrupt processor whichupdates the epoch relative clock previously referred to and the startrelative clock, and analog-to-digital conversion sequences (PAD) 128.The software also includes a system clock update procedure 129, the mainproduct application software 130 and the communication PCOMS 131. Theroutines discussed above for checking initialization, normalizing countsand computing power are actually part of the product applicationsoftware. Other portions of that software will now be described.

Temperature Sensor Conversion

FIG. 7 outlines the procedure for converting the temperature measurementand obtaining a usable value. The temperature sensors themselves arenegative resistance characteristic devices known as thermistors. Theactual measurement is thus of a resistance value and the resistancevalue is initially converted to a count by a voltage to frequencyconverter.

A ROM look-up table is created from manufacturer's data for an idealthermistor in which temperature values and the corresponding resistancevalues are stored. When an actual measurement is being made, aresistance value is read as a voltage which is converted to a count.Since the value of resistance at any given temperature for a specific,real, thermistor is not necessarily the same as for the theoreticalideal thermistor, a correction factor is created for each thermistorduring calibration which is applied to the count and a resistance valueR is calculated. That value is then used to look up a value T from thetable.

The sensor circuit itself is quite conventional and comprises a seriescircuit of a fixed value bias resistor RBIAS and the thermistor R(T)connected between a positive DC supply Vo such as 5 volts and ground.The signal Vin(T) is taken from the junction between those two resistiveelements. The bias resistor RBIAS performs the functions of currentlimiting to prevent thermistor runaway and also forms the divider whichallows the voltage Vin(T) at the junction to be a reasonably linearfunction of temperature within a specified range. The algorithm forconversion to a number of counts is as follows.

Vin(T)=Vo*(R(T)/(R(T)+RBIAS))

COUNTS(T)=Vin(T)*VCOK

where VCOK is the magnitude-to-count conversion factor for thevoltage-to-frequency converter, in this case, 400 Thus,

COUNTS(T)=400*Vo*(R(T)/(R(T)+RBIAS)).

Generally speaking, the characteristics of a real thermistor differsfrom that of an ideal thermistor by a factor called BETA which involvesangular rotation of the characteristic slope of the real from the idealabout a known temperature such as 25° C. Thus, BETA=0 at 25° C. and canbe plus or minus at any other temperature, i.e., the rotation about the25° C. point can be clockwise or counterclockwise for any giventhermistor. In addition, the slope of the characteristic can belaterally offset, creating a constant difference from the ideal added tothe BETA factor.

It would, of course, be possible to install an adjustable resistor asRBIAS but that has a number of disadvantages including the need to haveprecision calibration equipment available at the installation site andalso the greater cost of an adjustable element of adequate quality. Inthis system, temperature differences are generally used rather thanabsolute temperature measurements except for the return air sensor H.Calibration is necessary in either case such that, if two sensors areresponding to the same temperature, the system receives informationreflecting this fact.

The expression given above for COUNTS(T) can be rearranged to solve foreither R(T) or RBIAS. Calibration can be accomplished without expensiveequipment by working at 0° C. The thermistor being calibrated can easilybe brought to that temperature by simply immersing it in an icewaterbath. The voltage of the thermistor is read and converted to counts.Assume, for purposes of example, that a "perfect" RBIAS has a value of7320 ohms and a "perfect" thermistor at 0° C. produces a voltage whichconverts to 1633 counts. Further assume that a thermistor Y beingcalibrated produces a voltage at 0° C. which converts to 1594 counts.With this information, the software then assumes that thermistor Y isperfect but that the bias resistor is faulty. The equation is thensolved for RBIAS. ##EQU2##

This value for RBIAS is assigned to a location in memory as the correctvalue and is subsequently used for future engineering unit conversionsof counts received for that specific thermistor. Note that the RBIASvalue (the actual value of the RBIAS resistor) may, indeed, be 7320 ohmsbut the value calculated above is used, thereby compensating for thethermistor error.

As an example of this conversion, assume that two thermistors X and Yhave perfect 7320 ohm RBIAS resistors and that thermistor Y is the onefor which calibration was performed above. Further assume that boththermistors are at -10° C. At that temperature, the following conditionswould exist for a perfect thermistor and for thermistors X and Y if allof them have perfect RBIAS resistors

    ______________________________________    Thermistor   COUNTS    Actual Resistance    ______________________________________    Perfect      1765      55330 ohms    X            1788      61740 ohms    Y            1737      48350 ohms    ______________________________________

The uncalibrated engineering conversion of the above values would resultin a conversion to readings of -12.1° C. for thermistor X and -7.7° C.for thermistor Y. These readings actually represent examples of extremedeviations and are at the limits, in opposite directions, of what wouldusually be acceptable to the manufacturer. This deviation isunacceptable when both are at -10° C. The engineering conversion isaccomplished as follows.

If the software assumed that thermistor X is correct and has a biasresistor equal to 7320 ohms, it calculates R(T) using the equation toarrive at the above answer of 61740. It will then interpolate betweenthe values of R(T) in ROM to arrive at the thermistor temperature of-12.1° C.

The software will use the same equation to calculate the resistance ofthermistor Y. The counts used are those recorded for Y, and the value ofRBIAS is 8316 ohms, the calibrated value assigned in the memory. Theresulting answer is 54,924 ohms, and the software again interpolates todetermine that this corresponds to a temperature of 14.28° F. (-9.84°C.). The difference now is 0.16° C., 0.29° F., which is within anacceptable range. A similar calibration should then be done forthermistor X.

The result is stored in buffer memory for use by other routines. Thisprocedure is, of course, accomplished for each of the temperaturesensors repeatedly. Whether the value of temperature obtained is validor usable depends on other factors.

Maintain House Temperature

FIG. 8 illustrates a Maintain House Temperature routine. As previouslymentioned, the temperature measurement (which is roughly equivalent tothe measurement made by a temperature sensor in a thermostat in a moreconventional system) is made, in the present system, at the return airlocation. This is the location near and upstream of exchanger 32 atlocation H (FIG. 1) where the air from all of the return air ducts arejoined together. Thus, the temperature measured at that point is thetemperature of a mixture of air flowing from various parts of theresidence being controlled. It is, however, absolutely essential thatthe house fan 34 be running before a temperature measured by the sensorat location H is used for any purpose. If fan 34 has not been runningfor some time, the sensor could be measuring a temperature which issimply the temperature of the basement or other location for the heatexchanger itself. The temperature could be artificially high orartificially low, but is normally meaningless. Thus, the routine beginsby checking to see whether the fan is running. If it is not, no furthersteps are taken.

After a three minute interval of fan operation, the return airtemperature TRETA is regarded as being a valid value and the remainderof the routine can proceed. A long term average (LTA) value of TRETA iscalculated and a slope of the values of the LTA for the past 15 epochsis calculated. The routine examines the slope on the basis of the setpoint temperature and sets a positive flag if the air temperature isdegrading and a negative flag if the air temperature is improving.

Maintain Storage Temperature

The purpose of this routine is to maintain the temperature of storagetank S1 at a desired level, either hot or cold, depending upon theselection of a heating or cooling mode. As will be recognized from FIG.1, with a 120 gallon water tank, the temperature persistence issignificant. Thus, the temperature at location D (TSTO) as recorded justas the pump shut off the last time is regarded as being the temperatureof tank S1 and as being valid regardless of whether pump P1 is or hasbeen recently running until P1 has been off for over 2 hours. Thus, ifno other routine has caused P1 to run for, e.g., 2 hours, this routineenergizes P1, receives a new temperature measurement from sensor D(TSTO) and records that measurement as a replacement for the priorvalue. A flag is then set indicating that the temperature either is oris not within the desired range.

Maintain Domestic Hot Water Temperature

The maintenance of the temperature of tank S2 (TDHW) presents a slightlydifferent problem because the temperature of that tank as measured atlocation F is known to be valid only when pump P2 has been running.There are several factors involved in the variations of the tank S2water temperature including the temperature of ground water, utilizationof the hot water in an essentially unpredictable fashion, and the factthat water can flow through pump P2 even when the pump is not operating.Thus, when pump P2 is operating , water flows past sensor F (TDHW)through the water side of exchanger HX-2, through the pump, to thebottom of the tank, through line 36 and back to HX-2. Thus, after thepump has been running for a predetermined interval, i.e., 2 minutes, aflag is set indicating that the temperature being measured is a validmeasurement of the temperature at the bottom of tank S2.

Maintain Ground Water Temperature

It is necessary to know the ground water temperature for certaincalculations and this temperature is established as illustrated in FIG.11. Ground water temperature does not normally change in a drastic orsudden fashion, but it does change. Because of certain difficulties inmaking a direct measurement which can be regarded as reliable, a"downward search" technique has been developed. A "dummy" value oftemperature is selected and stored in a first location in memory, thisvalue being selected to be higher than an expected value of ground watertemperature (GWT). If in any epoch the value of temperature measured atsensor F is found to be less than the stored dummy value, the measuredvalue is substituted for the dummy value. Thus, assuming that the dummyvalue starts above actual GWT, the dummy value asymptotically approachestrue GWT.

At each on-peak to off-peak transition, the last (lowest) dummy value isstored as the best GWT in a second memory location and the dummy valuein the first location is reset to its higher level, e.g., 80° F. Inaddition, if the temperature measured by sensor F is found to be lowerthan the stored GWT value, the measured value is substituted for storedGWT along with the dummy value. If the value measured at F is less thanthe stored GWT plus 5°, a "ground water flowing" flag is set. Theprogram thus permits the stored GWT value to be increased over a periodof time in a season when the actual GW temperature is increasing.

Compute KVA

In order to arrive at a value of the energy being used by the residence,the voltage and current values are measured at the incoming power linesas illustrated in FIG. 12. The KVA value is then calculated bymultiplying the voltages and current, adding the values to arrive at atotal KVA figure. A value referred to as an "appliance" KVA is thenreached by subtracting from the total KVA a value for the average KVAbeing used by the HVAC systems currently running. An adjustment on thehomeowner console establishes a value of KVA which should not beexceeded in order to maximize the savings. If the appliance KVA valueexceeds the value read from HOC 44, a flag is set.

Calibrate Temperature Sensors

This calibration requires no illustration because it is simply a processof normalizing the ambient temperature to the compressor liquidtemperature at a time and under conditions which are such that theliquid temperature can be assumed to properly reflect ambient. This isaccomplished in the middle of the night when the compressor has notrecently been energized, i.e., for a number of minutes.

The stored value of ambient temperature is changed to be equal to thatmeasured at location B. At this time, a new bias resistor value (RBIAS)is calculated and compared with the previous RBIAS value which is storedin nonvolatile memory. This can be used as a check on the condition ofsensor B; if the values are very different from each other, a badtemperature sensor is indicated and a service flag is set.

A similar process is performed to calibrate the temperature of thestorage tank S1. If the compressor or pump P1 have not been on for anumber of minutes, the S1 temperature can be assumed to be thetemperature at locations D and A and it is therefore possible tonormalize the storage tank temperature TSTO to exchanger temperatureTHX-1.

This process is also followed to normalize the temperature of the waterline entering HX-2 as measured at F to the temperature of the water lineentering HX-1 as measured at D if the compressor and pump P2 have notbeen on for a number of minutes and also if ground water has not beenrun recently.

In a similar fashion, the discharge temperature of the compressor can benormalized to the temperature of heat exchanger HX-1 so long as thecompressor and pump P1 have not recently been energized.

Detect Conditioning Mode

It was previously pointed out that the product controller softwaretransmits a message to HOC 44 at the beginning of each epoch. Inresponse to that message, HOC 44 writes a message to the productcontroller, including data about switch settings, etc. The messageincludes three bits which indicate the positions of the mode selectorswitch 48 and fan switch 49. Four configurations of those bits arerecognized as requesting heating mode, cooling mode, off mode with nofan and off mode with constant fan. In addition, if it is recognizedthat the message indicates a mode change from the previous epoch, thetime of the change is recorded for diagnostic purposes.

Implement Offsets

Offsets can be defined as control point deviations from a selected setpoint temperature. Normally, they are thought of as temporary deviationsand they can be used to define intervals of the day during which a lowerdemand is placed on the HVAC system. As an example, in the heating modewith a setpoint of 70° F. established by dial 53, the homeowner couldestablish an offset interval beginning at 8:00 a.m. and ending at 4:30p.m. during which an ofset of 10° F. is in effect, making the effectiveset point 60° F. during the interval when the space is unoccupied. Thesame offset might be used from 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. while theoccupants are sleeping.

In order to implement this, the general approach is to build a table oftime sorted "offset events" covering a three-day period which coversyesterday, today and tomorrow. For this reason, there is no illustrationof this routine. An offset event is defined as the beginning or end ofan offset period. Event times are delivered to PCONS from HOC 44 asseconds after midnight and are stored in the table as seconds sincesystem startup in the same manner as the PCONS start relative clock. Thehomeowner can use dials 57, 58, 60 and 61 to set widely variablecombinations of times for offsets. To avoid difficulties in handlingthese, the following rules are followed in the routine.

At any point in time one and only one offset is considered to bedominant. The dominant offset is the one which most recently had atransition from not-in-offset to in-offset. This was discussed in partin connection with FIG. 4. The dominant offset is the one of twooverlapping offsets which would be affected by depressing the changebutton.

When the start and end times for the same offset, as determined by thesettings of dials 47 and 60 or 58 and 61, are less than 15 minutesapart, the system is considered to be within perpetual offset. Theshortest offset period, therefore, is 15 minutes. The longest finiteoffset period is 23 hours 45 minutes.

Offset periods are considered to be overlapping when the start time ofone offset lies between the start and end times of the other. If thestart time for one offset is less than 30 minutes later than the endtime for the other offset, the two times are considered equal and,therefore, the two offsets overlap. In such a case the end time of theearlier offset will be set to the start time of the later offset.

Depressing the change button 76 affects processing from the time it ispressed until the next transition into or out of the dominant offset.Changing dominant offsets is equivalent to such a transition.

The outputs from this code are a flag indicating whether or not thesystem is in offset and, if it is, the time at which the offset isexpected to end. This information is used in other routines to preparethe system for the next non-offset interval.

Implement Recovery From Offset

As shown in FIG. 13, it is first necessary to compute the effectiveliving space set point as determined from the HOC inputs together withany change which has occurred. Assuming that change button 76 has notbeen depressed, the number of degrees of offset established by dial 55is added to or subtracted from the setting of dial 53 for the offsetperiod which will be arriving next, in point of time. It is thennecessary to compute the living space recovery advance time and thestorage vessel S1 recovery advance time. The concept of recovery advancetime involves evaluating the difference in temperature between thecurrent living space temperature as measured by the most recent returnair measurement and the temperature of the next non-offset interval,establishing a slope based on predetermined characteristics of the spaceas a function of outdoor temperature and the present temperature of thewater in storage tank S1, and establishing how much time will berequired to take the living space from its existing temperature to thedesired one. This is the recovery advance time.

It is then necessary to compare the real time with this offset timeminus the advance time, in other words, establish an interval by whichthe conditioning must commence in order to reach the next neededtemperature at the right time. Thus, when the offset time minus theadvance time equals the real time, a flag is set indicating thatsomething should be done to condition the space. It will be readilyapparent that the water in tank S1 must be within a desired range oftemperature in order to accomplish the necessary space conditioning.

Detect Changes

FIG. 14 illustrates a detect change routine in which flags are set inthe event of a change in set point or a change in the position of modeswitch 48 as determined from the HOC message. The setting of these flagsis significant, among other things, to the operation of the routineillustrated in FIG. 13 since a change in the set point requirescomputation of a new effective set point, offset time and advance time.The establishment of a mode change flag is significant to severalroutines including the implement setback routine and the maintenance ofS1 storage temperature.

An interval of change will be regarded as having ended when the space issatisfied and a predetermined time has elapsed.

Living Space Thermal Parameters

The purpose of this routine is to develop a differential number (adelta) which can be used by other routines to decide when and how tocondition the living space.

Referring to FIG. 15, a set point temperature is received from HOC 44,as determined by dial 53. A known hysteresis factor is built into thesystem as a system constant defining band which is ±0.3° F., centered onthe set point. A satisfied point is calculated as an absolute number byalgebraically combining the set point and the hysteresis constant. Thissatisfied point is then subtracted from the known, valid, spacetemperature. The resulting delta figure is stored in a buffer as theoutput of this routine and is referred to as degradation.

As an example, if the set point is 72° F. in the cooling mode, thesatisfied point is 72°-0.3°=71.7°. If TRETA is 74°, the delta is ±2.3°which is the degradation and is recognizable by other routines asrequiring that the space needs conditioning. The degradation can bepositive or negative. A limit on the degradation can be imposed.

Storage Thermal Parameters

The system of the present invention allows the storage to degrade whenthe space is in a condition which can be regarded as "super-satisfied"for several starts of fan 34. As previously indicated, since there is nothermostat in the usual sense, fan 34 is operated from time to time anda return air measurement is made. If the system is calling for heat andthe set point of dial 53 is 70° with no offset, and if severalsuccessive return air measurements indicate a temperature of 75° at eachof those measurements, it is apparent that additional heat input fromthe system is quite unnecessary and probably will be for some time.Under these conditions, it is possible to use the routine of FIG. 16 toset the reserve storage degradation limit at a temperature significantlydifferent from that which will be used if additional heat is called forat every fan start. In addition, there is a reserve of heat in theliving space itself which can be calculated. It is possible to determinehow much reserve heat is available at the maximum degradation allowablein the storage container, taking into account how much reserve will benecessary in the future. On the basis of this information, a storagesatisfied value can be computed and it is then possible to compute howmuch the storage tank has degraded from the satisfied value. Thesatisfied value would normally be a temperature of, for example, 48° F.for cooling purposes and 93° F. for heating purposes. Assuming that thehomeowner is not paying particular attention to the system during thetransitional seasons and allows the mode switch to remain in the heatingposition in late spring when the outdoor temperature has reached a mildlevel of, for example, 70° F., the increased allowable degradationprevents the system from being used unnecessarily to maintain thetemperature of tank S1 at a high level. This also can anticipate thepotential change of the mode switch from heating to cooling, preventingthe necessity of heating the storage tank and then having to cool thetank in a relatively short interval of time.

Appliance Demand Parameters

As was previously mentioned, HOC 44 includes a potentiometer, notvisible in FIG. 2 and not associated with a homeowner operated dial, bywhich an appliance demand level or usage level can be established. Theroutine illustrated in FIG. 17 maintains short and long term averages ofthe household energy used, reads the appliance limit established in HOC44, compares the short term average with the limit and sets a flag ifthe short term average is greater than the limit for five successiveepochs. It should be noted that it is possible to set two limits, onefor maximum comfort and the other for "normal" or maximum savings, andthe homeowner can select these by movement of switch 72. It is the shortterm average KWE usage which is compared with the selected one of thevalues. Setting the flag at the conclusion of this routine will resultin the next message to HOC 44 including an instruction to illuminate the"appliances" light 67.

Compressor Demand Parameters

The allowable run time limit of the compressor is computed asillustrated in FIG. 18 by selecting different limits on the basis ofwhether the time is on or off peak. It should be mentioned that thecompressor always has a minimum run time of, for example, 10 minuteswhich is established to prevent damage to the compressor by cycling onand off (FIG. 23). The maximum is established during the off-peakinterval by using the summing period. During on-peak, the limit isestablished by the maximum of the limit based on minimizing demand,maximizing comfort or on the storage reserve, the selection of thesebeing affected by the position of switch 72.

Storage Resistance Element Run Limit

The purpose of this routine is to establish conditions under which theresistive element, referred to as "I2R" should not be operated. Theroutine does not appear to require illustration. A flag is set,indicating that the resistive element 40 in storage tank S1 should notbe energized when the system is in the cooling mode; if fan 34 isde-energized or has been energized for less than 10 minutes; or if thespace temperature is moving toward a satisfied condition and the systemis not in a setback.

DHW Set Points

The purpose of this routine is to establish temperature set points whichwill be regarded as satisfied conditions for the domestic hot waterstorage tank S2. The basic setting is determined as a function of theground water temperature and the setting of dial 78 on HOC 44. Most hotwater usage takes place by mixing some hot water from the storage tankwith ground water. The lower the temperature of the ground water, themore hot water from the storage tank must be used to reach a desiredmixed water temperature. Thus, if the ground water temperature is high,the domestic hot water need not be heated to as high a level and energycan be conserved. The range of DHW set point temperatures is preferablybetween about 110° F. and 150° F.

If the outdoor temperature is such that the compressor is not run toeither heat or cool the residence, thereby not heating the domestic hotwater supply, a separate routine can be used to heat the DHW using theresistive element 42.

Determine the Space Fan Minimum Off Times

FIG. 20 illustrates the conditions which are used by this routine todetermine the length of time fan 34 is allowed to remain off. Aspreviously mentioned, fan 34 must be running in order for the system toobtain a valid temperature reading for the space being controlled. Thus,it is necessary to turn the fan on from time to time and "take a look"at the condition of the space. However, if the outside temperature is70°, the set point temperature is 70° and there are no other unusualconditions, the space is obviously not going to need either heating orcooling and it would be energy inefficient to turn the fan on every fewminutes just to see what the temperature is. Thus, one purpose of thisroutine is to examine the circumstances and operate the fan at longerintervals the more the space is satisfied, as well as to control fanoperation in response to other conditions.

Thus, the fan remains off during initialization to allow the system togo through the various initialization and stabilizing processes withoutinterference. In addition, the fan remains off for 5 minutes after thefirst conditioning of the living space, if any was needed, following achange in the position of mode switch 48.

If there was severe degradation of the living space temperature from theset point temperature during the current energization of fan 34 and alsosevere degradation during the previous energization, the fan offinterval is set at 10 minutes. Throughout this routine, 3 minutes isused as a minimum off time. However, if the current energizationindicates that the temperature of the space has undergone slight tosevere degradation this time but that the space was super-conditionedthe previous time, the off time is set at 10 minutes. If the degradationthis time is severe but only slight the previous time, 10 minutes isset. If a slight degradation occurs in two successive energizations, aninterval from 3 to 30 minutes is set, and if the space wassuper-conditioned in two successive energizations, an interval between30 and 120 minutes is set. The selection of a time within theseintervals is essentially a linear function of the fan off time the lasttime and the amount of degradation which has occurred. It will beobserved that, unless the system is turned off, the fan will operate atleast every 120 minutes. This is considered necessary to accommodatesudden changes in weather and changes which occur in outside temperatureas the day progresses, but also to provide a minimum degree of aircirculation.

Investigate Living Space Temperature

In connection with FIG. 20, the routine of FIG. 21 illustrates themanner in which the temperature of the living space is investigated.Turning again to FIG. 1, it will be recognized that fan 34 can beoperated either with or without space conditioning, i.e., either with orwithout energization of pump P1. The investigation is done withconditioning if there has been a change in the position of mode switch48 either from heating to cooling or from cooling to heating and if theliving space temperature has degraded but the storage temperature is notseverely degraded. It should be noted that this set of conditions isparticularly important if the system has been operating, for example, ina heating mode for a substantial amount of time and the temperature intank S1 is relatively high to permit the system to heat the space and,then, the switch is moved to the cooling mode. Obviously tank S1 couldnot be at a suitably cool temperature to permit conditioning of thespace in a cooling mode. Thus, the investigation under thosecircumstances would not be done with conditioning.

If the mode change was from off to either heating or cooling and if thestorage is not severely degraded, the investigation is done withconditioning. Similarly, if there was a set point change and the livingspace is expected to be degraded based on the last temperature (TRETA)recorded, the investigation will be done with conditioning. Finally, ifthe fan has been off for thirty minutes or more but less than 120minutes, the investigation will be done with conditioning.

The investigation will be done without conditioning if there was acondition-to-condition mode change and the storage is not severelydegraded but the space is also not degraded or if the mode change wasfrom off to a conditioning position and the storage is degraded. Ifthere was a set point change but the living space is not expected to bedegraded based on the last TRETA recorded, then the investigation willbe done without conditioning. Finally, if the fan 34 was off for theminimum calculated time of 30 minutes or more but less than 120 minutes,conditioning will not be used. It is apparent in order to conserveenergy that conditioning should not be used except when necessary.

Condition Living Space

The routine of FIG. 22 determines the fundamental circumstances underwhich the space will or will not be conditioned. As illustrated, thespace will not be conditioned if the mode switch 48 is in the offposition and no conditioning will occur if the living space temperatureis not known or is known but is not degraded from the set point. Ifneither of those negative conditions exist, and if the temperature ofstorage tank S1 is not severely degraded, pump P1 and fan 34 areoperated until the living space temperature is satisfied. It should bementioned that "satisfied" is defined in this system as the set pointtemperature plus or minus 0.3°. Thus, in the heating mode, a satisfiedcondition for a set point of 70° is 70.3° and in the cooling mode asatisfied condition for the same set point is 69.7°.

Run Fan Only

A routine which needs no illustration is one to operate the fan only inresponse to switch 49 being in the "on" position. If the system isoperating in a normal epoch and the message from HOC 44 to thecontroller includes the fan only component, the fan will be operated.However, if the outside air temperature is less than 32° and the systemis attempting to condition storage S1, the fan will be stopped. As withthe other modules, a positive flag is set by this routine if theconditions are met for fan operation.

Condition Storage With Compressor

This routine deals with the circumstances under which storage tank S1 isconditioned using the compressor. A fundamental statement in the routineillustrated in FIG. 23 is that if the storage is degraded, the storagemode is the same as the living space mode. The storage mode is not set,i.e., the storage tank is not regarded as requiring conditioning, untilthe temperature of the water in the tank is degraded from the storagetank set point by more than 5 degrees.

When conditioning the storage tank for cooling of the living space, itis necessary to be concerned about inducing freezing conditions in theheat exchanger. Thus, if the system is in the cooling mode and thecompressor is running, the compressor will be stopped if the outsidetemperature is less than 65° unless the compressor has been on for lessthan 10 minutes in which case it will be allowed to complete that 10minute interval. The compressor will not be started if the outside airtemperature is less than 68° when the system is in the cooling mode.

Additionally, if the time is during the peak intervals, the compressorwill only be run up to the limit as determined by the previouslydiscussed compressor demand parameters routine (FIG. 18) but it will bekept on as long as the allowable run time is greater than the cumulativetime on in this summing period. Furthermore, the compressor will bestarted only if the time remaining in the summing period added to therunning time, if any, which has already occurred in this summing periodis less than or equal to the run limit. The summing period is that 0.5hour interval used in determining the peak demand as would occur underan integrating-type demand rate structure.

Allowable run time is constantly being recalculated (FIG. 18) as afunction of electrical loads being turned on and off in the household,other than HVAC components. It is desirable to minimize the number ofstarts of the compressor and it is also desirable to straddle thebeginnings and ends of summing periods with an energized compressor.Taking these considerations together permits the condition that thecompressor will be allowed to re-energize if, during on-peak, thecalculated allowable run time is greater than the sum of the previouscumulative run time in this summing period plus the remaining time inthis summing period.

Again, the compressor will always be allowed to run for a minimum of 10minutes once it has been started, or will be allowed to remain notrunning for a minimum of 10 minutes, regardless of other requirementsimposed by the conditioning needs of the system.

Check Frost

The purpose of the algorithm (FIG. 24) is to establish criteria fordetermining the existence of frost on the outside air coil and to recordthe length of time that frost has existed. The number of successiveepochs during which frost conditions exist is counted and the count ismaintained for future reference. Frost is assumed to exist when theliquid temperature in coil 10 is less than 32° and when the outside airtemperature is much greater than the liquid temperature. For purposes ofthis module, the term "much greater" means 12° at 40° outside airtemperature or 6° at 20° outside air temperature, all in degrees F. Agraph of the difference (OA-TLIQ) outdoor ambient temperature plottedagainst the difference is a parabolic curve. However, this can beapproximated using a linear function in which the difference is 12° at40° outside air and 6° at 20° outside air.

Defrost

After the existence of frost has been detected, it is necessary toremove it. The criteria and procedure for doing so is illustrated inFIG. 25. Defrost is started if the check frost routine has determinedthat frost has existed for 5 minutes and if a summing period has juststarted. Defrost is not commenced if the compressor is not running. Inorder to defrost, the compressor is run with reversing valve 20 in thecooling position and the defrost is terminated when the liquidtemperature goes above 50° or after the defrost effort has been going onfor 10 minutes or when the compressor is turned off by some otheralgorithm in the system. A complete defrost is recorded if 10 minutes ofdefrost position running is completed or if the liquid temperaturereaches 50° F. Heat is then recovered from the coil with the reversingvalve 20 in the heating position and the outside fan 11 de-energizeduntil the liquid temperature is less than the ambient temperature oruntil the compressor is turned off by some other algorithm. When TLIQbecomes less than the outdoor temperature with the compressor running,fan 11 is turned on again.

Prevent Freeze

It is theoretically possible for the storage tank S1 to freeze if thesystem is placed in the off mode during the winter and if the residenceis unoccupied for a length of time and the outside temperature falls.This must be prevented because of the damage which would be done by asplit water tank containing 120 gallons of water. The algorithm of FIG.26 checks the temperature of S1 at 1:00 in the morning if the system isin the off mode and the outdoor air temperature is less than 32° F. Ifthe S1 temperature is less than 50°, a flag is set to operate thecompressor to take S1 to 70°. In the event that the compressor isinoperative for any reason, the resistive heating elements are used forthe same purpose.

Keep Storage Current

The storage temperature information needs to be available from theoutset in order to operate various other algorithms in a meaningfulfashion. When the system is first started, or restarted after a periodof having been shut down, it is necessary to determine this storagetemperature. Accordingly, this algorithm, which is not separatelyillustrated, involves running pump P1 for an interval of 5 minutesduring the initialization epoch and at a time when the amperecalibration is not being accomplished, the purpose of that being toavoid interfering with the on-off cycling which occurs during thatcalibration process. After 5 minutes of operation of the pump, thetemperature can be reliably read by sensor D. Also, the value of thestorage temperature becomes invalid after two hours of pump P1 nothaving been run if the mode switch is in heat or cool. At that point,pump P1 is energized to obtain a valid temperature.

Turn On Storage Resistance Heating

The criteria set forth in FIG. 27 are those which are used by thismodule to control the energization of the storage resistance heating(I2R). An energization flag will be prevented if the system is in theoff or the cooling mode, if the compressor is not being allowed to run100% of the time, or if the compressor has been on for less than onehour. If it is operated, the resistance heating element will beenergized for at least one minute, and once de-energized, will be keptoff for at least one minute. It should be emphasized that the elementsreferred to in this routine are elements 40 in storage vessel S1.

Determine DHW Temperature

For reasons discussed above in connection with the storage container S1,it is necessary to know the domestic hot water temperature, i.e., thewater in tank S2. For this purpose, as shown in FIG. 28, pump P2 isoperated and water is circulated through P2, S2, pipe 36 and the waterside of exchanger HX-2. Pump P2 is not started during on-peak intervalsfor purposes of obtaining a DHW temperature, but it is started if thesystem has just gone off-peak, or if the resistance heating element 42is on and the temperature has not been checked for the last 15 minutes,or if ground water is flowing or if it is a weekday morning, i.e., aninterval at which high hot water usage can be expected. For purposes ofthis routine, this is established as meaning 3 hours before an off-to-onpeak transition.

Pump P2 is turned off as soon as a reliable DHW temperature measurementhas been acquired.

Turn on DHW I2R

The domestic hot water heating element 42 is energized only when it isabsolutely necessary to increase the temperature of the domestic hotwater in order to satisfy the needs of the homeowner and its use isavoided whenever possible because it draws a high level of current andincreases the operating cost of the system. Accordingly, the routineillustrated in FIG. 29 for following the desirable criteria to actuatethe resistance heater sets a flag to start the unit when the domestichot water temperature is known and is less than an effective set point,i.e., less than a temperature which has been determined to be necessaryfor purposes of satisfying the domestic needs. However, the element isnot turned on during the initialization period or during on-peak timesand is also not turned on when the compressor is operating except ifboth the compressor and the resistive heating elements appear to benecessary to elevate the domestic hot water temperature to a desiredlevel in the time remaining before the on-peak interval commences. Theelement is turned off when the temperature is known and is equal to orgreater than the effective set point. It will be recognized that thetemperature may not be known at the time it passes through the set pointtemperature because of the 15 minute delay inherent in the routine ofFIG. 28.

Heat DHW With Compressor

The operation of the compressor for purposes of heating domestic hotwater is substantially independent of the resistance heater. Pump P2 isrun to extract super heat through HX-2 from the compressor, but the pumpis only energized when the compressor is running. Because of therelative economy of heating domestic hot water with the compressor ascompared with the resistive elements, it is desirable to allow thecompressor to run until the DHW temperature is at a higher level thanthe upper limit which is used with the resistive elements. Because ofthe simplicity of this it is not separately illustrated.

Compressor Control Failure

One of the most vulnerable parts of the system, from a mechanical pointof view, is always the compressor. Accordingly, it is desirable to checkthe compressor to be sure that it is operating properly and, hopefully,to detect performance degradation before a catastrophic failure occurs.If the compressor is operating properly, the discharge temperature ofthe compressor should rise significantly, i.e., by about 15° in about 36seconds after the compressor starts and should fall significantly about36 seconds after the compressor stops. Furthermore, the temperatureshould not decrease while the compressor is running. The routineillustrated in FIG. 30 maintains a record of the compressor dischargetemperature for the last 15 epochs and compares the latest reading withone from 9 epochs earlier to see if a change between those epochsoccurred and, if so, to be sure that these temperature changes occurredin the proper direction. If this desired pattern is not followed, a flagis set which is a compressor safety flag which causes the compressor tobe disabled. In addition, the flag will result in illumination ofservice light 65 on HOC 44.

Outside Air Fan Control Failure

The criteria for this routine are illustrated in FIG. 31. Thetemperature of the liquid at location D is checked and also the outsideair temperature at location G. If the liquid temperature is much greaterthan the outside air temperature during cooling, it is apparent that fan11 is not operating properly. If fan 11 fails to operate in twosuccessive epochs, an outdoor air safety flag is set. This willultimately result in the illumination of the service light 65 on HOC 44.

Monitor Reversing Valve

Proper operation of the reversing valve 20 can be monitored by checkingthe liquid temperature and the ambient air temperature and comparingthese values. The criteria for checking valve operation are shown inFIG. 32. If, during the cooling mode, the ambient temperature is greaterthan the temperature of the liquid for a relatively long interval oftime, such as about 8 minutes, it can be assumed that the reversingvalve is not operating properly and a reversing valve safety flag isset. Similarly, during the heating mode, if the liquid temperature isgreater than the ambient temperature for about 8 minutes a reversingvalve safety flag is set.

This routine is disabled during defrost. A "defrost in progress" flag isset by the routine in FIG. 25 which is recognized for this purpose.

Monitor Power

This routine, which is not separately illustrated, monitors the voltagecontinuously and disables the system if it detects a high voltage forone minute or if a low voltage for one minute. The system is notreactivated until the voltage is within an acceptable range for 10minutes. For purposes of this routine, an acceptable range is between102 and 138 volts.

Monitor Freeze Status

Under some conditions, it is possible for exchanger HX-1 to freeze whichessentially precludes proper operation of the system. Accordingly, inthe routine illustrated in FIG. 34, the temperature at sensor D ismeasured. If in the cooling mode the temperature at sensor D is lessthan, e.g., 25° for 30 seconds, an HX-1 freeze flag is set. Also, in theheating mode during defrost, if the S1 temperature is less than 50° forone epoch, the HX-1 freeze flag is set.

Monitor TDIS

The discharge temperature of the compressor is monitored to detect theexistence of an excessively high temperature. When a high temperature isdetected, the compressor is disabled along with the associated devicesuntil the temperature at sensor C drops to, e.g., 180° at which time thecompressor is re-energized. A record is kept of each such disablementduring a 24-hour period and the system will permit the compressor to bedisabled as many as 7 times during that period. However, if thetemperature goes too high an eighth time as illustrated in FIG. 35, ahard safety is set and the compressor cannot be re-energized.

Reduction

The ultimate purpose of the routine shown in FIG. 35 is to generate aword in digital code which is, essentially, a summary of the variousrequests and conditions resulting from flags set or not set by theroutines discussed above. In producing this word, the routine acts as ascreen to sort out enable and disable requests or flags which might beinconsistent with each other and establishes an unambiguous relationshipwhich can be satisfied by the system and which is appropriate to thecircumstances.

A first step in the routine is to look for any "safeties" which havebeen requested and to determine what other devices are dependent on adevice for which a safety has been requested. For this purpose, a tableof dependencies is stored in non-volatile memory. This table simply setsout which devices are dependent on each device for which a safety can beset. For example, devices dependent on pump P1 are the compressor, theoutdoor air fan and the reversing valve because none of those devicesshould be allowed to operate if P1 cannot. Safeties are set on anydevices dependent on a device which has a safety set on it.

It follows that enable requests for devices with safeties set should notbe satisfied. Such requests are converted to disable requests. A devicerequest is then screened and it is concluded that energization of adevice is requested if there is no safety on that device and no disablerequested and if there is an enable request for it. It should be notedthat this is a priority sequence in addition to being necessaryconditions.

The last portions involve requests for the lights as shown in FIG. 35 ifthe flags requesting the conditions exist. It should be noted inconnection with the safety and disable requests discussed above that asafety on a device means that the device cannot be restarted withoutshutting down and re-energizing the system. A disable is simply arequest to de-energize.

Sequencer

FIG. 36 illustrates the order in which actions are taken on the basis ofthe screening accomplished by the Reduction routine. Device tests areaccomplished at the beginning and safeties are checked. If any safetiesare found, the device involved is de-energized and the routine is notcontinued further.

In the order of actions, the compressor is deenergized first, if arequest to do so has been received, then other "device OFF" requests arehonored. After that, devices are energized in a specified order afterwhich requested lights are energized and, if suitable, valve 20 isswitched. "ON" requests are OK'd together to modify the digital outputword. Finally, the time at which devices are turned on or off arerecorded in terms of the start relative clock.

It is believed that the operation of the system will be clear from theabove but the following will summarize the overall scheme. When thesystem is first energized, the values which are initially needed arestored and calculated as described in connection with the initializationroutine. The homeowner selects a set point temperature and the offsettimes and temperatures using the controls on HOC 44. When a message isformulated and sent from PCON 45 to HOC 44, the console responds with amessage including the information about the set points and theinformation summarizing the positions of the other controls.

Meanwhile, all of the temperature measurements are continuously beingmade and the voltage and current supplied to the residence is beingmeasured. From time to time, as determined by conditions described inconnection with FIG. 21, the living space temperature is investigated,with or without conditioning. Storage S1 temperature is examined andconditioned during off-peak times so that it is prepared to supply heator receive heat from the space during on-peak times with minimum use ofthe compressor and resistive elements.

Because of the fact that most of the routines are being accomplishedconcurrently there is no logical manner in which an overall progressionof events can be described. It will be appreciated, however, that mostof the routines provide and update either a value which is the result ofa measurement and calculation, or a flag and that these values and flagsare detected, used and, in some cases acted upon by other routines forthe ultimate purpose of producing a digital word which, in apredetermined sequence, commands the starting, stopping or continuedoperation or non-operation of all of the motors and other components ofthe system. Furthermore, these operations are accomplished in a realtime framework defined by 4 second epochs established within the system.

The system can be viewed as performing the space conditioning functionin a way which not only heats or cools the space to maintain a desiredcomfort level in an efficient manner but also performs a demand limitingfunction. This is of particular importance to the utilities because ifan adequate number of residences in a utility region limit theirindividual power demands to a selected level, the generating plant peakcapacity of the utility can be reduced or at least limited. A measure ofthis is referred to as load factor which is defined as the average loaddivided by the peak load, each of these being over a selected intervalof time, e.g., an hour, a month or a year. Calculating the load factorfor a year, for example, would involve integrating the kilowattsproduced during the year, i.e., the total kilowatt hours for that yearand dividing that by the peak kilowatts produced over an interval oftime such as an hour multiplied by 8760, the number of hours in theyear. This is a factor commonly used by utilities for various purposes.

The load factor for a conventional HVAC heat pump system is quite oftenin the order of 0.20 to 0.30, indicating that the peak demand of thesystem calculated on the basis of a winter peak is very high as comparedwith the average load. Furthermore, the peaks tend to beweather-responsive and to occur together for groups of dwellings. Thus,the utility serving such a region must have plant capacity toaccommodate those peaks or make other arrangements.

With the system of the present invention the peaks are moved,essentially, to times when demand is low. Furthermore, the demand of anindividual system is less likely to be synchronized with the demands ofa significant number of other systems because the major conditioning ofthe storage tank S1 can occur at any time during off-peak hours. Thus,the load factor for such a residence rises significantly. Ideally, theload factor should approach 1.0. In a practical system in accordancewith the invention, the load factor can be between about 0.70 and 0.80,a very significant improvement over prior systems.

The rate structures established by utilities can be highly variable fromone location to another and can change within an area from time to time.For example, a local utility can establish its peak interval forpurposes of rate structure as being from 9:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. and thenlater change this to two peak intervals of 7-11:00 a.m. and 4-9:00 p.m.This presents no problem for the present system because it can employthe off-peak intervals to advantage whenever they occur. The beginningsand ends of these intervals are identified by signals sent over thelines to meters installed by the utilities.

The controller can be constructed using dedicated hardware but is mosteasily implemented using an 8088 microprocessor.

While one advantageous embodiment has been chosen to illustrate theinvention, it will be recognized by those skilled in the art thatvarious changes and modifications can be made therein without departingfrom the invention as defined in the appended claims.

What I claim is:
 1. A system for controlling the temperature of theinterior of a building with a heat exchange fluid comprisingmeans forselectively modifying the temperature of said heat-exchange fluid:conduit means for conveying said heat-exchange fluid to various parts ofsaid building and back to said means for modifying in a plurality ofpaths, said conduit means includinga fluid return chamber to which fluidfrom all of said parts of said building is returned and mixed, means ateach of said various parts of said building for exchanging heat betweensaid conduit means and the building interior, and selectivelyenergizable means for forcibly circulating said heat exchange fluidthrough said conduit means to said parts of said building and backindependently of the operation of said means for modifying; sensingmeans positioned at said fluid return chamber for measuring thetemperature of the mixed fluid therein; and control means forcontrolling the operation of said means for modifying, said controlmeans includingmeans for establishing a temperature set pointrepresentative of the temperature at which said interior of saidbuilding is to be maintained means for periodically investigating thetemperature of said fluid in said fluid return chamber as measured bysaid sensing means; means operative to energize said means forcirculating at selected times before investigating said temperature ofsaid fluid; and means for operating said temperature modifying means inresponse to a predetermined difference in a degraded direction betweensaid set point and said temperature of said fluid measured at one ofsaid selected times to change the temperature of said fluid and therebythe temperature of said interior of said building.
 2. A system accordingto claim 1 wherein said control means includesclock means for producingdistinctive indications when said system is operating during timeintervals of high power rate and low power rate.
 3. A system accordingto claim 2 wherein said means for selectively modifying the temperatureof said fluid includes a heat pump system having an outdoor heatexchanger, a reversing valve, a compressor, a liquid storage tank andheat exchanger means coupled to said tank to selectively heat or coolthe liquid in said tank,and said control means includes means forsensing the temperature of the tank liquid, and means for operating saidcompressor when said tank liquid temperature deviates from apredetermined temperature in a degraded direction and said system isoperating during an interval of low power rate.
 4. A system according toclaim 2 wherein said control means includes means for monitoring theelectrical power supplied to said building, andmeans for activating analarm when the supplied power exceeds a selected level.
 5. A systemaccording to claim 3 wherein said control means includesmeans forstoring a return fluid temperature measurement made by said sensingmeans each time said means for circulating is initially energized, andmeans responsive to the difference between said return fluid temperaturemeasurements and the set point on two successive means for circulatingenergizations for selecting a time interval during which said means forenergizing said means for circulating allows said means for circulatingto remain de-energized.
 6. A system according to claim 5 wherein saidmeans responsive to the difference between said return fluid temperatureand the set point selects an interval having a first duration if thereturn fluid temperature is significantly degraded relative to the setpoint in two successive measurements, a second longer duration if thedegradation is slight in two successive measurements and a thirdduration longer than the second if the measurement indicatessuperconditioning of the space in two successive measurements.
 7. Asystem according to claim 1 wherein said control means includesmeans forstoring a return fluid temperature measurement made by said sensingmeans each time said means for circulating is initially energized, andmeans responsive to the differences between said return fluidtemperature measurements and the set point on two successiveenergizations of said means for circulating for selecting a timeinterval during which said means for energizing said means forcirculating allows said means for circulating to remain de-energized.